The 5 types of thesis — analytical, argumentative, empirical, comparative and project/practice-based — serve different academic purposes based on research goals and disciplinary norms. Analytical theses focus on breaking down and interpreting complex ideas, while argumentative theses aim to persuade through evidence and reasoning. In contrast, empirical theses rely on primary data collection, comparative theses examine similarities and differences and project/practice-based theses integrate practical work with reflective analysis, making each type distinct in its application and methodology.
This blog post explores 5 types of thesis:
- Analytical thesis breaks down a topic or issue to evaluate and interpret its components.
- Argumentative thesis presents a claim or argument supported by evidence and reasoning.
- Empirical thesis relies on primary research, such as experiments or fieldwork, to collect and analyse data.
- Comparative thesis compares and contrasts different ideas, phenomena or texts to draw conclusions.
- Project/practice-based thesis combines practical work (for example, design, engineering) with an analytical or reflective component.
In addition, this blog post explores the purpose and importance of a thesis, its role in academic and professional growth and its structure. It also highlights the differences between a thesis and a dissertation. Moreover, the post offers practical guidance on selecting the appropriate thesis type by considering institutional requirements, research goals and future aspirations. It concludes with advice on preparing a thesis for submission, comparing DIY proofreading, professional proofreading and copyediting.
- What is a thesis?
- What are 5 types of thesis?
- How to choose thesis type?
- How to prepare a thesis for submission?
- Resources for thesis writing
What is a thesis?
A thesis, written by academic students as part of their degree, is a comprehensive document that addresses a research question, analyses evidence and draws conclusions. Typically required for undergraduate, master’s or doctoral programmes, it demonstrates the student’s ability to conduct independent research. Moreover, universities allow students to choose from different types of thesis, such as analytical, empirical or project-based, according to their discipline and research goals. Ultimately, the thesis serves as a culmination of academic learning — it showcases knowledge and critical thinking skills. A thesis typically consists of the following key components:
- Abstract summarises the research objectives, methods, key findings and conclusions in a concise format.
- Acknowledgements recognise individuals or organisations that supported the research.
- Introduction provides background, defines the research problem, states objectives and outlines the thesis structure.
- Literature review explores existing research, identifies gaps and situates the study within the academic field.
- Methodology explains the research design, data collection and analytical methods used in the study.
- Results present research findings clearly, often using tables or figures.
- Discussion interprets results, relates them to the research question and discusses implications and limitations.
- Conclusion summarises key findings, restates contributions and suggests future research directions.
- References list all sources cited, formatted according to a specific citation style.
- Appendices include supplementary material, such as raw data, additional tables or consent forms.
Purpose
The purpose of a thesis lies in its role as a significant academic endeavour that tests a student’s ability to conduct and present research. It serves as a medium for students to demonstrate their academic capabilities while contributing to their field of study.
A thesis plays a central role in advancing both the student’s personal development and the broader field of knowledge. Key purposes include:
- Demonstrates expertise: A thesis allows students to showcase their understanding of a subject area.
- Advances knowledge: It contributes original insights, theories or data to the academic field.
- Develops research skills: Writing a thesis builds critical skills in research design, data analysis and academic writing.
- Addresses a problem: It aims to answer a specific research question or solve a defined issue.
Importance
The importance of a thesis extends beyond academic settings, influencing personal, professional and scholarly domains. Its significance includes:
- Academic requirement: For many degree programmes, completing a thesis is necessary to graduate.
- Critical thinking: It fosters the ability to analyse, evaluate and synthesise information effectively.
- Professional relevance: It often has practical applications in solving real-world problems or influencing policies.
- Scholarly contribution: A well-executed thesis can fill gaps in existing research and pave the way for further studies.
- Career opportunities: It demonstrates to employers or academic institutions the student’s capability for independent work and problem-solving.
Thesis vs dissertation
The difference between a thesis and a dissertation varies depending on geographical and academic contexts but generally lies in their purpose and level of study. In the UK and Europe, a thesis is written for a doctoral degree (PhD). It presents original research contributing to the academic field, while a dissertation refers to a long research project completed for an undergraduate or master’s degree, often summarising existing knowledge rather than generating new insights. Conversely, in the USA, a thesis is typically required for a master’s degree to demonstrate mastery of a subject, whereas a dissertation is for a doctoral degree and prioritises original research that advances the field.
5 types of thesis
The 5 common types of thesis — analytical, argumentative, empirical, comparative and project/practice-based — each have distinct purpose and suit different academic disciplines. These types of thesis vary in structure and focus and offer flexibility to address diverse research objectives.
Analytical thesis
An analytical thesis focuses on breaking down a topic into its key components to interpret and evaluate them. Researchers use this type of thesis to explore complex ideas, texts or data. For example, an analytical thesis might examine literary themes, societal trends or historical events. It helps clarify intricate subjects by providing a detailed and structured analysis.
Key features: Focuses on objective analysis; does not aim to persuade but to interpret and clarify complex ideas
Fields: Humanities (for example, literature, philosophy), social sciences, cultural studies
Applications: Used to analyse texts, trends or phenomena, such as exploring themes in a novel or examining economic patterns.
Pros
- Encourages critical thinking and detailed evaluation
- Offers a balanced, non-biased approach
Cons
- Requires strong organisational skills to present complex ideas cohesively
- May lack direct applicability if the analysis does not lead to actionable outcomes
Argumentative thesis
An argumentative thesis presents a specific claim and supports it with evidence and reasoning. This type of thesis works well for disciplines that emphasise debate, such as philosophy, law or politics. For instance, a student might argue for stricter environmental regulations and provide data and case studies to strengthen their position. By taking a clear stance, this thesis type fosters critical thinking and persuasive skills.
Key features: Focuses on persuasion, often structured around a central claim, statement or hypothesis
Fields: Law, politics, philosophy, ethics, social policy
Applications: Common in debates or controversial topics, for example, arguing for specific legislation or evaluating the morality of artificial intelligence
Pros
- Enhances persuasive and logical reasoning skills
- Has direct real-world relevance, especially in policymaking or advocacy
Cons
- Risks oversimplifying complex issues to fit a particular stance
- May be perceived as biased if counterarguments are not addressed
Empirical thesis
An empirical thesis relies on primary data collected through experiments, surveys or observations. This type of thesis is common in sciences, psychology and social sciences. For example, a researcher might conduct a study on the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. Empirical theses contribute valuable data and findings to the academic community, advancing knowledge through evidence-based research.
Key features: Focuses on evidence-based findings; uses methodologies such as quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods
Fields: Natural sciences, social sciences, medicine, engineering, psychology
Applications: Often used for practical investigations, for example, measuring the impact of climate change on agriculture or testing a new drug
Pros
- Produces new, verifiable data
- Strongly grounded in scientific methodology
Cons
- Requires significant time and resources for data collection and analysis
- Results may have limited generalisability depending on the sample size or scope
Comparative thesis
A comparative thesis examines similarities and differences between two or more subjects to draw meaningful conclusions. This type of thesis is often used in literature, history or cultural studies. For instance, a student might compare the leadership styles of two historical figures. By identifying patterns and contrasts, a comparative thesis provides a deeper understanding of the subjects under investigation.
Key features: Often structured around points of comparison, such as themes, contexts or outcomes
Fields: Literature, history, cultural studies, international relations
Applications: Commonly used to compare literary works, historical events or policy approaches, for instance, analysing colonial governance in two regions
Pros
- Offers nuanced insights by placing subjects in context
- Highlights relationships and interdependencies
Cons
- Risks superficial analysis if comparisons are not deep or well-structured.
- Requires careful selection of comparable subjects to avoid misleading conclusions
Project/practice-based thesis
A project or practice-based thesis combines practical work with reflective analysis. This type of thesis is popular in creative fields like art, design or engineering. For example, a student might design a sustainable building and include a written explanation of the methods and principles applied. This approach allows students to bridge theory with practice while contributing innovative solutions to real-world problems.
Key features: Integrates theory and practice; emphasises applied knowledge and innovation
Fields: Art, architecture, design, engineering, education
Applications: Used in professional and creative disciplines, for example, designing a sustainable energy system or creating a multimedia project
Pros
- Allows hands-on application of skills
- Bridges academic research and practical implementation
Cons
- Can be challenging to balance the practical and written components
- Requires access to resources, such as labs, studios or tools
| Type | Focus | Main goal | Common fields |
| Analytical | Deconstructing and interpreting | Understanding complex issues | Humanities, cultural studies |
| Argumentative | Presenting and defending a claim | Persuading the audience | Law, philosophy, social policy |
| Empirical | Evidence from primary research | Producing verifiable findings | Sciences, medicine, psychology |
| Comparative | Comparing 2 or more subjects | Highlighting patterns and contrasts | Literature, history, politics |
| Project/practice-based | Practical work plus reflection | Applying theory in real-world settings | Design, engineering, art |
How to choose thesis type?
Choosing a type of thesis requires balancing personal preferences with the academic and institutional requirements of your degree programme. While students often have some flexibility, they are usually constrained by discipline-specific norms, supervisor guidance and programme expectations.
1. Understand your research question and topic
Your research question often dictates the type of thesis you can write. For example:
- A question requiring in-depth interpretation suits an analytical thesis.
- A question that involves debating a stance works best for an argumentative thesis.
- Questions based on experiments or surveys will require an empirical thesis.
- Comparative topics naturally lead to a comparative thesis.
- Applied problems may necessitate a project/practice-based thesis.
2. Follow your degree programme requirements
Programmes often specify the type of thesis expected. For instance:
- Science and engineering degrees typically require empirical or project-based theses.
- Humanities degrees favour analytical, comparative or argumentative theses.
- Creative fields might mandate practice-based theses with a reflective component.
3. Consult your supervisor or adviser
Supervisors play a key role in shaping the thesis type. They will guide the student toward approaches suitable for their topic, discipline and the programme’s requirements. So students should be prepared to adapt based on their feedback.
4. Consider practical constraints
Time, resources and skills also affect the choice of the thesis. Empirical and project-based theses often require extensive data collection, experiments or prototypes, which need proper planning and access to facilities. Analytical or argumentative theses may demand intensive reading and synthesis of complex literature.
5. Work within your discipline’s norms
Academic disciplines often favour certain types of thesis. For example:
- Humanities programmes commonly require analytical or comparative theses, focusing on texts or ideas.
- Social sciences may demand empirical theses based on interviews, surveys or fieldwork.
- Sciences and engineering favour empirical or project-based theses to solve real-world problems or test hypotheses.
These norms provide a useful starting point for narrowing your options.
6. Consider your future goals
If you plan to pursue a research-based career, an empirical thesis develops valuable skills in data collection and analysis. For applied careers, a project/practice-based thesis demonstrates the ability to solve practical problems. For academic or theoretical roles, an analytical or argumentative thesis highlights critical thinking and intellectual depth.
While degree requirements limit total freedom, aligning your thesis with your aspirations ensures it supports your long-term goals.
7. Think about the contribution your thesis can make
Some types of thesis lend themselves to particular forms of contribution:
- An empirical thesis produces new data or insights.
- A comparative thesis highlights relationships between different entities.
- A practice-based thesis offers innovative solutions to applied problems.
- An analytical thesis clarifies and interprets complex issues.
- An argumentative thesis influences debates in your field.
Preparing a thesis for submission
Preparing a thesis for submission involves rigorous editing to ensure clarity, consistency and adherence to academic standards. This process typically includes DIY proofreading, professional proofreading and professional copyediting, each with distinct roles, benefits and limitations.
DIY proofreading
DIY proofreading involves reviewing your thesis yourself to identify and correct errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation, formatting and minor inconsistencies. It also includes verifying references, page numbering and adherence to style guides.
Pros
- Cost-effective as no external services are required
- Familiarity with the content allows you to spot subject-specific errors
- Offers a chance to revisit and refine your arguments
Cons
- You may overlook language and format errors due to familiarity with the text
- Time-intensive and prone to fatigue, reducing effectiveness
- Limited ability to identify advanced linguistic issues or structural inconsistencies
Tips for DIY proofreading
- Take breaks between writing and proofreading to approach the text with fresh eyes.
- Use tools like Grammarly or Hemingway but do not rely on them entirely.
- Read your thesis aloud or backwards to catch hidden errors.
Professional proofreading
Professional proofreading focuses on surface-level corrections, such as spelling, grammar, punctuation, formatting and minor inconsistencies. Proofreaders do not rewrite content or address deeper issues like style or argumentation. Professional proofreading is ideal for final-stage editing when the thesis is already well-structured and clear but needs perfection in presentation.
Pros
- Ensures polished grammar and adherence to style guides
- Involves a fresh, objective perspective on your thesis
- Saves time while improving submission-readiness
Cons
- Cost can be a barrier for some students
- Limited scope, as it does not address content quality or deeper structural issues
Professional copyediting
Copyediting goes beyond proofreading to address clarity, coherence, style and consistency. It involves refining sentence structure, improving readability and ensuring the correct application of academic conventions (for instance, referencing style and tone). Professional copyediting is ideal for theses requiring significant refinement in language, style or structure, particularly if the writer uses English as their second language.
Pros
- Ensures professional quality by addressing both technical errors and stylistic issues
- Enhances readability and logical flow without altering your arguments
- Expert editors ensure compliance with academic standards and guidelines
Cons
- Higher cost compared to proofreading services
- May require additional time for revisions after the editor’s suggestions
Resources
Here are some books, platforms and podcasts for writing any type of thesis.
- Doing Your Research Project by Judith Bell and Stephen Waters is a step-by-step guide for designing and completing research projects, suitable for beginners.
- How to Write a PhD in a Hundred Steps (or More) podcast explores the writing process in a humorous and practical way, breaking it into manageable steps.
- How to Write a Thesis by Umberto Eco provides practical advice on planning, researching and writing a thesis, with a focus on humanities and social sciences.
- PhD Life Raft podcast provides tips for surviving and thriving during your thesis journey, focusing on motivation, work-life balance and overcoming obstacles.
- Purdue OWL offers comprehensive resources on academic writing, citations and structuring a thesis.
- The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb and Joseph M. Williams explains how to frame a research question, structure arguments and refine writing.
- Thesis Whisperer blog helps researchers navigate thesis writing challenges.
- Writing Your Dissertation in Fifteen Minutes a Day by Joan Bolker offers strategies for overcoming writer’s block, managing time and staying motivated.
Key takeaways
A thesis is an academic achievement that demonstrates research and critical thinking skills. With five main types — analytical, argumentative, empirical, comparative and project/practice-based — students can align their work with their discipline and career goals. However, choices are guided by programme requirements, supervisor input and practical constraints.
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