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Methods vs methodology
Methods vs methodology highlights the difference between how research is done and why it is done that way. Methods describe…
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IMRaD format in research texts
The IMRaD format is a popular organisational framework for academic texts, especially in the sciences and social sciences. IMRaD stands…
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Science and tech writing
Science and tech writing translates complex concepts into clear, accurate and engaging content for academic or general audiences. It prioritises…
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Types of bias in research
Most common types of bias in research include selection bias, recall bias, observer bias, response bias, attrition bias, confirmation bias,…
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Hypothesis vs thesis
Hypothesis vs thesis represents two core approaches to structuring academic research. A hypothesis predicts a measurable outcome that researchers test…
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PhD viva
A PhD viva — also called a viva voce, doctoral viva, thesis defense presentation or PhD defense — is the…
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PhD defense: Everything you need to know
A PhD defense, also known as a PhD viva, is an oral examination in which a doctoral candidate presents and…
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What is a BA dissertation?
A BA dissertation is a substantial piece of independent research written in the final year of a Bachelor of Arts…
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Research objectives
Research objectives are specific, actionable goals that guide academic research by defining what the study aims to achieve. They help…
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Golden thread in academic writing
The golden thread in academic writing refers to the clear, consistent and coherent line of argument or inquiry that runs…
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Research aim
In academic writing, a research aim defines the central purpose of a study. It sets the direction for the entire…
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Research objectives and research questions
Research objectives and research questions define the focus and direction of a study. Objectives state what the researcher intends to…
